We can speak of ________ only within a group of individuals who have shared the same environment

Clancy just made a very low score on her first psychology test

Clancy is more likely to develop learned helplessness from this experience if she attributes her failure in psychology to a. the type of test questions the psychology instructor uses. b. her lack of interest in psychology. c. her lack of preparation for this particular test. d. her general lack of preparation for college.

The cognitive approach to explaining the etiology of depressive disorders maintains that people who are more likely to develop depressive disorders tend to do all of the following EXCEPT

a. attribute their setbacks to personal flaws instead of to situational factors. b. ruminate about, or dwell over, their depression. c. misinterpret harmless situations as threatening. d. have a pessimistic explanatory style.