At the University of Chicago, German physiologist Jacques Loeb conducted studies on animal tropisms, or forced movements. What were his findings?
a. Animals are essentially passive until faced with specific environmental stimuli, to which they react in a stereotypical manner.
b. Animals actively engage with their environment in preparation for potential environmental stimuli to which they can respond appropriately.
c. The behavior of organisms is highly variable; they respond differently to the same physical stimuli depending upon their internal state.
d. The behavior of organisms is highly consistent from simple to complex organisms.
A
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