Researchers Qazi Rahman and Glenn Wilson found that gay women perform on spatial tasks like heterosexual men and that gay men perform on language tests like heterosexual women

We don't know which might be the cause and which the effect, that is, whether being gay leads to different brain functioning or whether different brain functioning leads to being gay. The principle of causation involved here is the
a. covariance rule.
b. internal validity rule.
c. causal ambiguity rule.
d. temporal precedence rule.

D