Define the terms reliability and validity. List the major approaches of personality assessment
What will be an ideal response?
ANS: Reliability can be defined as the consistency of response to a psychological assessment device. Validity refers to whether an assessment device measures what it is intended to measure. If a test does not measure what it claims to, then it is not valid and its results cannot be used to predict behavior.
The major approaches to personality assessment are as follows:
a. Self-report or objective inventories
b. Projective techniques
c. Clinical interviews
d. Behavioral assessment procedures
e. Thought and experience sampling procedures
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Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest degree of relation between two variables?
A) +.19 B) –.25 C) +.43 D) –.47
Which of the following organic explanations has been offered to explain the fraternal birth-order effect?
a. The fraternal birth-order effect has no organic explanation. It is simply a trend that has not been shown to have any real evidence or relevance to the discussion of sexual orientation. b. The Y-chromosome activates a gene more forcefully in each consecutive male birth, which is why this order effect applies to male and not female babies. c. The rules of biology state that the only way for two boys to be born consecutively is if there is a genetic mutation. This mutation is thought to explain the fraternal birth-order effect. d. There is a defensive maternal immune response that is triggered by foreign substances produced by each additional male fetus, and this immune response increases with each additional male pregnancy.