What is one reason a gambler might bet $1,000 that a sixteenth seed team will win the NCAA basketball tournament?

It may be argued that Japan's explicit promotion of its microchip industry was an excellent example of successful industrial policy

What criteria would you apply to determine whether such a policy is or is not successful? Judging from your own stated criteria, was Japan's exercise successful? Why or why not? What information would a government require in order to increase the probability that its industrial policy would promote long term self-generated economic growth?

Quasi differences in Yt are defined as

A) Yt - Yt-1. B) Yt - ?1Yt-1. C) ?Yt - ?1Yt-1. D) ?1(Yt - Yt-1).