A researcher decides to study cognitive changes in children by simultaneously studying groups of 3-year-olds, 6-year-olds, 9-year-olds, and 12-year-olds. This researcher is conducting a ________ study
a) cross-sectional
b) strain
c) biographical
d) longitudinal
ANS: A, This research is examining individuals of different ages at the same time. That is cross-sectional research.
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On a fixed-interval schedule, a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed period of time
a. true b. false
Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is being
a. extinguished, because he feels anxious after doing so. b. recovered spontaneously, because he will never get better. c. positively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down. d. negatively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down. e. positively reinforced, because he will lose his fear of spiders in the long run.