______ refers to consciously striving to grasp and interpret a message's genuine meaning

Which of the following has been a recent trend with regard to the different levels of management within an organization?

A) With technological advances accelerating, the role of privacy officers has declined within organizations. B) The top management of most organizations spends most of its time directing and controlling workers' daily performance on the job. C) Effective managers at enlightened corporations have found that diversity is detrimental for workers and for the bottom line. D)The ranks of middle managers have been shrinking as more and more companies downsize to be more productive. E) Most stakeholders support the perks and special treatment the top management of an organization gets.

In the Palsgraf case, foreseeability was an issue. The question addressed by the court was:

A) Was it foreseeable to the plaintiff (Ms. Palsgraf) that the scales would fall? B) Was it foreseeable to Ms. Palsgraf that her injury would have been caused by an explosion? C) Was it foreseeable to the plaintiff (Ms. Palsgraf) that someone in the train station would be carrying explosive fireworks? D) Was it foreseeable to the railroad employee helping the passenger onto the train that doing so might lead to injury to Ms. Palsgraf or another bystander? E) Was it foreseeable to the passenger carrying the fireworks that they might explode and injure someone?