Given the same frequency of reinforcement, ____ schedules generate higher rates of responding than do ____ schedules

The clinic where Steve has been treated for substance abuse for the past year has asked him to evaluate his treatment and assess his current quality of life. Most likely, Steve's clinic is conducting a (n) _________.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

A punisher is an aversive consequence that

a. weakens the behavior it follows. b. is withheld to increase the probability of the response over time. c. decreases the probability of shaping by successive approximations. d. withholds negative reinforcers. e. occurs on a consistent and predictable basis.