If Professor Gannon were to argue that incoming pain sensations must pass through an opening in the spinal cord and that this opening could be closed, thus blocking ascending pain signals, which theory would Dr. Gannon be arguing?

Jessie performs better than average on visual-spatial tasks. What can we assume about Jessie?

a. Jessie is likely to be male. b. Jessie may have been exposed to high prenatal androgen levels. c. Jessie might be a female with low estrogen levels. d. Jessie's ability is related to a sex-linked recessive gene on the X chromosome.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of true-false tests?

a. They are typically only useful with simple information. b. They encourage memorization without understanding. c. They are difficult to administer. d. They encourage rapid responding.