Two approaches to developing personality measures were described in the text. Identify them, and briefly describe or give examples of how personality psychologists might use them

What will be an ideal response?

(1) RATIONAL (Theoretical) Approach: Psychologist first derives a rational basis for believing that a particular dimension of personality is important. Next, he or she creates a test on which this logical dimension is reflected validly and reliably in people's answers.
(2) EMPIRICAL (Data-based) Approach: Relies on data, rather than theory, to decide what items make up the assessment device. The groups into which people are to be sorted represent a set of criteria for the test. Start with a lot of possible test items, and find out which items tend to be answered differently by members of one criterion group than by other people.