Which of the following is a disadvantage of using a within subjects design?
a. the variability due to participants cannot be estimated statistically
b. treatment order may have an effect on the dependent variable
c. a large number of participants is required
d. the experimental and control groups may not be equivalent to one another
B
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Without the process of replication as part of the scientific process, what would happen?
A) Incorrect results would often go uncorrected. B) Demand characteristics would have larger effect on data. C) The Hawthorne effect would increase. D) Samples would be less representative of the populations they came from.
According to the research on self-esteem,
a. females' self-esteem increases as they move through adolescence. b. males have consistently higher self-esteem than females. c. no gender differences have been found in the well-controlled studies. d. gender differences in self-esteem depend on factors such as age and social class.