Abnormalities of the placenta that can cause intrauterine growth retardation or fetal asphyxia in-clude which of the following?

1. Abnormal implantation of the placenta
2. Separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
3. Decreased placental blood flow
a. 2 and 3 only
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 1 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3

ANS: D
Abnormal implantation of the placenta, tearing of the placenta from the uterine wall, or de-creased placental blood flow can retard intrauterine growth and in severe cases can cause fetal asphyxia and increases the risk for brain damage and respiratory distress in the immediate post-natal period.