According to cognitive psychologists, depression is caused by
a. learned helplessness.
b. self-criticism and self-defeating thoughts.
c. imbalances of serotonin and noradrenaline.
d. repressed anger that is turned inward as self-hate.
B
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Which of the following individuals illustrates a person who is closer to the lower portion of their reaction range?
Martin, who was born with a potential IQ of 145 (gifted IQ), was raised in an educationally enriching environment, and is a highly motivated learner. Nathan, who was born with a potential IQ of 145 (gifted IQ), was raised in an educationally deprived environment, and is an unmotivated learner. Abby, who was born with a potential IQ of 80 (below average IQ), was raised in an educationally enriching environment, and is a motivated learner. Roman, who was born with the potential IQ of 80 (below average IQ), was raised in an educationally enriching environment, and is an unmotivated learner who makes little progress.
Research by the psychologist Anthony Little revealed that women who use contraceptives choose men who look more "macho" than do women not using contraceptives
In order to conclude that contraceptive use is a causal variable here, we have to rule out other possible variables as causing the behavior. Ruling out other effects involves which principle of establishing causation? a. covariance rule. b. internal validity rule. c. causal ambiguity rule. d. temporal precedence rule.