The variable that an experimenter assesses or measures to determine whether or not the manipulation has had an effect is the _____ variable

Although observational learning is a crucial form of learning (that extends our understanding past the confines of classical and operant conditioning), social learning theorists may have placed too much emphasis on this process as an influence on personality development. Which of the following lines of evidence suggests that observational learning may not be that powerful?

A. Empirical studies conducted by humanistic theorists demonstrate that self-actualization comes from within, rather than from without. B. Research from behavior-genetic studies shows that the effects of the shared environment on adult personality are weak or non-existent. C. "The environment" is not one of the Big Five, so it therefore cannot be a contributor to personality development. D. Evidence from Freudian theory shows that id impulses tend to counteract learning in a social context.

Although females are perceived to be more relationship-oriented in their leadership style, in fact they are as task oriented as males

a. True b. False