Which brain region are neurosurgeons most likely to lesion to treat severe cases of depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder?
A) prefrontal cortex
B) hippocampus
C) cerebellum
D) anterior cingulate cortex
Answer: D
Rationale: Some people with depression, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and other anxiety disorders have undergone lesion surgery directed at a cluster of cells located in the anterior cingulate cortex, which is overactive in people with these disorders. This procedure is called an anterior cingulotomy.
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A group of rats was exposed to the uncontrollable stress associated with being forced to swim for 15 minutes in cold water from which they cannot escape. What did researchers notice when they observed these animals?
a. Most rats were immune to the effects of the stress. b. The rats' depression was reduced by the high level of physical activity. c. The stress caused a form of brain damage that first led to motor retardation and then death. d. The rats that exhibited symptoms similar to depression had altered neurotransmitter levels.
In any regulatory system, the __________ is the optimum value of the system variable, the __________ monitors the value of the system variable, and the __________ restores the system variable to its optimum value when it deviates from that value.
a. set point; correctional mechanism; detector b. detector; set point; correctional mechanism c. detector; correctional mechanism; set point d. set point; detector; correctional mechanism e. correlational mechanism; set point; detector