Nine-year-old Bobby has no problem understanding that the 20-year-old who sometimes stays with him is both a student and a baby-sitter. According to Piaget, Bobby's thinking is no longer characterized by

The textbook presents research results that indicated all of the following EXCEPT

a. College students with a pessimistic explanatory style performed worse in their first year in college than those with an optimistic style. b. Students with optimistic explanatory style show greater motivation and persist longer in the face of adversity. c. Students with an optimistic explanatory style the summer before law school achieved a higher GPA and greater success working on their school’s law journal that those with a pessimistic style. d. Students with a pessimistic explanatory style tend to give up after academic frustrations.

Thinking that proceeds from given information to new conclusions on the basis of explicit rules is considered __________ thought

a. conjunctive b. illogical c. logical d. disjunctive