Psychological factors
What will be an ideal response?
Behavioral:
Unipolar depression result of significant changes in reward / punishment people receive
Lewinsohn:
Positive rewards decrease over time for some people
Leads to performing few constructive behaviors
Ultimately spiral toward depression
Cognitive vulnerability (A. Beck)
Depression the result of four interrelated factors:
- Maladaptive attitudes
- Negative thought processes about self, ongoing
experiences, the future (i.e., cognitive triad)
- Errors in thinking (i.e., negative schema)
- Automated thought processes
Attribution theory
People motivated to assign causes to actions, behavior
Causal attirbutions influence both cognitive appraisal and future behavior
B. Weiner: three-dimensional model
stability ... locus of control ... controllability
M. Seligman: learned helplessness
attribution that have no control over stress in one's life
depressive attribution stable, internal, and global
Stressful life events (LE)
Most report some significant LE before mood disorder
LE may enhance general risk, predict course
LE not specific risk factor, may not produce any disorder
20% to 50% who experience severe LE become depressed
Consider ... context in which LE occurs and meaning of event
Bipolar disorder:
High number of LE increases relapse risk ? 5 times
(Negative) LE predict symptoms, course, outcome
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The two dominant approaches to understanding addiction and drug abuse are:
a. the biological model and the learning model. b. the cultural model and the psychodynamic model. c. the humanist model and the biological model. d. the learning model and the psychodynamic model.