In recent psychological research that has received criticism on ethical grounds, the authors (Kagan and Liston, 2002)

a. failed to cite research by other psychologists that was important and relevant to the development of their ideas.
b. claimed to have completed a study but they did not actually carry it out.
c. subjected participants to high levels of pain without first obtaining informed consent.
d. published a figure that originally came from the research of other psychologists that had appeared in a different journal

A