Maria asks Lanie if she has a pencil. Lanie says, "Yes, I have a pencil," and then walks away without giving Maria the pencil. Her response suggests that she could have a problem with _______ understanding.

Often clients under observation will respond according to their perceptions of the social contexts of the observation situation. These social cues are called

a. observational assessment confounds. b. behavioral biases. c. correlational stimuli. d. demand characteristics.

All of the following are ways of increasing self-efficacy except:

a. providing realistic verbal persuasion. b. arranging reachable goals to expose people to success experiences. c. increasing the level of physiological and emotional arousal. d. enhancing vicarious success experiences.