Which of the following does NOT affect the position of the DD curve?

The income effect of a price change is depicted by

a. a parallel shift of the budget constraint at the old set of prices. b. a parallel shift of the budget constraint at the new set of prices. c. a movement along the budget constraint holding the level of satisfaction constant. d. not observable and is therefore neither a shift nor a change in the slope of the budget constraint.

Standardized tests are used in efforts to

A. save on paper waste. B. make schools more accountable. C. give teachers more time off. D. shorten school hours.