As part of their sex therapy program, Bill and Melissa practice a series of touching exercises that involve caressing and stroking body areas other than the genitals. These exercises are called

If a child cries to obtain a new toy, the crying acts as a

a. negative reinforcer. b. positive reinforcer. c. partial reinforcer. d. negatively punisher. e. shaper.

Robert Cialdini, one of your textbook authors, engaged in a type of systematic natural observation called participant observation. Using this methodology, he

A) drew conclusions from data that he retrieved from archives. B) asked participants in an experiment to observe other participants and to record their conclusions. C) disguised his identity and enrolled in the training programs of compliance professionals. D) experimented on humans in the laboratory, where he observed behavior as an experimental participant.