According to Scott L. Althaus, the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on New York and Washington

a. led to a long-term rise in citizen interest in network news.
b. led to a decline in citizen interest in network news.
c. had no effect on citizen interest in network news.
d. led to only a short-term rise in citizen interest in network news, followed by a return to similar levels of interest before the tragedy.

d. led to only a short-term rise in citizen interest in network news, followed by a return to similar levels of interest before the tragedy.