Women earn less on average than men. Which of the following would be the logical conclusion?
a. Women must be the victim of employment discrimination.
b. Women must be less productive.
c. Men must be more highly motivated and materialistic.
d. Without consideration of preferences and productivity factors, differences in unadjusted mean earnings do not necessarily reflect employment discrimination.
D
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For quasi-experiments,
A) there is a particularly important potential threat to internal validity, namely whether the "as if" randomization in fact can be treated reliably as true randomization. B) there are the same threats to internal validity as for true randomized controlled experiments, without modifications. C) there is little threat to external validity, since the populations are typically already different. D) OLS estimation should not be used.
The difference in unemployment rates between Europe and the U.S. has been narrowing partly because
a. tax rates in European countries are generally lower. b. economic conditions in Europe and the U.S have been converging. c. European and American labor unions have been coordinating their activities. d. of a change in labor market policies. e. Europe has been making it easier for workers to gain unemployment benefits