When an individual suffers from a deficit in cognitive functioning that is a noticeable and significant change from the person's prior level of functioning, this disorder is called a __________ disorder.

You are watching your friend's reactions as she listens on the phone. You can't tell if she is amused, satisfied, or excited. However, at one point, you are sure she is disgusted. How do emotion researchers explain these differences?

a) Disgust can be identified from voice alone. b) A consequence of evolution is negative emotions tend to be more distinguishable than positive emotions. c) Positive emotions are usually identified from body posture, which was probably not visible in this case. d) Display rules in the United States prohibit displays of excitement or amusement when others cannot determine the source.

The tendency to explain our successes according to our personal abilities and attribute our failures to forces beyond our control is called the ______

a. primacy effect b. self-serving bias c. fundamental attribution error d. actor-observer effect