Behaving in ways that are the opposite of what one would unconsciously like to do defines _______

According to the article Going to Pot, about adolescent drug use, when the participants in a cross sectional

study have lived through a unique and unusual time--such as the great depression, they may be different from others who will eventually be the same age as the participant. This is called a (a) cohort effect (b) ceiling effect (c) calendar effect (d) cluster effect

Each of the following is a current view discussed in your text in the controversy regarding ethics in psychological research EXCEPT some people ______

a. feel that experimental procedures should never be emotionally or physically distressing b. believe that ethical guidelines are too strict and can damage the scientific value of research c. feel that psychology should base its ethical guidelines on documented evidence about the effects of research procedures, not on conjecture about what is "probably" a good way to conduct research d. feel that the explanations necessary to foster informed consent undermine the credibility of psychology as a science and should be abolished