According to Gardner, people who understand themselves and who use this knowledge effectively to attain their goals would rank high in ______

Why is it generally easier to extinguish behaviors that have been reinforced on fixed rather than variable schedules of reinforcement?

a) Extinction is built into fixed schedules. b) Reinforcement on fixed schedules is predictable, so it is easier to determine when it has stopped. c) Fixed schedules tend to lead to high rates of behavior, which over time are tiring to participants. d) Low rates of behavior occurring in fixed schedules mean that the rate of behavior is so close to extinction that all it needs is a little push.

Dante describes himself as hardly ever being happy. He occasionally feels okay, but it never lasts for more than a day or so. He has trouble sleeping, doesn't eat much, and feels like nothing will ever change in his life. He says this has been going on for as long as he can remember. The best diagnosis for Dante is __________.

A. cyclothymia B. persistent depressive disorder C. major depressive disorder D. bipolar II