What confounding variable occurs when the researchers gradually change their observation criteria over the course of the study?

The phrase power of the purse refers to which of the following?

a. The influence of women in the political process b. The main issue facing government, which is always a shortage of tax money c. The president's control of the finances of government d. The constitutional authority for Congress to raise and spend money e. The power of the Senate to unilaterally cut spending in the area of defense

What is the specialized form of radio programming that became popular in the late 1980s in which one or more hosts provides commentary and invites listeners to call in to the show and offer their own opinions?

a. shock jocks b. participatory programming c. ideological radio d. partisan radio e. talk radio