Which of the following statements is true with regard to the ethical consideration that addresses causing harm or discomfort to research participants?
a. The potential of causing harm or discomfort to participants is only permitted when the participants are animals and not human beings.
b. If a research participant could be caused harm or discomfort, then (s)he must be informed of the full nature of the research before it is conducted.
c. Research participants who are placed at risk for harm or discomfort have the right to know, ahead of time, that they will not be permitted to discontinue their participation in the project.
d. A research project may run the risk of causing harm or discomfort as long as such potential is outweighed by the potential human benefits of the project.
Answer: D
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Suppose that you draw a sketch of your college campus. In reality, one particular road on campus is vaguely U-shaped, but the right-hand portion of the curve is steeper than the left-hand portion
According to your drawing, however, the two portions have the same degree of curvature. This example illustrates a. the 90-degree-angle heuristic. b. the alignment heuristic. c. the rotation heuristic. d. the symmetry heuristic.
Regarding operant conditioning, which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
A) A student is sent to detention for fighting B) A student is exempted from a weekly quiz for exemplary homework C) A student loses earned free time for playing with lab equipment D) A student turns in neater homework when the teacher praises neatness