Because we seldom know the real reasons for others' actions, we tend to infer causes from

A boy can give you directions on how to get to the neighborhood store and, if you ask him, he can also tell you how to get back. To be able to do this reflects an understanding of

a. conservation. b. egocentrism. c. reversibility. d. problem solving.

Nicolas has autistic disorder and is mute. A therapist working with Nicolas initially gave him a piece of chocolate any time he made a sound with his lips. This slowly changed until Nicolas only received a piece of chocolate for saying complete words, and eventually only for saying complete sentences. In this example, Nicolas developed speech skills through the use of

a. classical conditioning. b. modeling. c. shaping. d. negative reinforcement.