In contrast to structuralists, Gestalt psychologists claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units

Your authors note that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

may be particular difficult to diagnose because some patients intentionally fake their own symptoms in order to obtain government benefits. As this possibility has to be ruled out as part of the diagnostic process, clinicians have to remember the importance of A) ruling out rival hypotheses. B) extraordinary claims. C) Occam's Razor. D) correlation versus causation.

Optimism is especially appropriate in those situations in which

a. you want to gain people's confidence b. your goal involves a high degree of risk c. the cost of failure is high d. you want to be sympathetic with people's troubles