In 2017, new bond issues and other forms of debt totaled ____ in corporate financing.

When drawn against the real interest rate, the output supply curve unambiguously shifts to the right if

A) current capital decreases. B) current total factor productivity decreases. C) future total factor productivity decreases. D) current or future taxes increase.

If society allows firms to freely pollute the environment, then which of the following is true?

a. Market equilibrium output will be equivalent to the efficient output level. b. Market equilibrium output will be too low relative to the efficient output level. c. Market equilibrium output will be too high relative to the efficient output level. d. The efficient output level can be achieved by giving firms a subsidy for the pollution they generate.