According to the article Gimme the Ball concerning the development of object permanence, there was a reminder that the conventional threshold level for accepting that differences are not a result of chance factors is:

People from individualistic cultures will most likely describe themselves in terms of

a. the region or country they are from b. their education level c. their family of origin d. their racial identity

According to the authors of your text, probably the most common lay explanation of personality is based on

A) learning. B) cultural norms. C) genetics. D) existential-humanistic considerations.