A behavior may be followed by a positive consequence, or reinforcer, such as food; or by a negative consequence, or punisher, such as a slap; or by nothing with these results determining whether a response is likely to be made again. The type of learning just described is

When Ann went to her doctor he gave her a hearing test. During the test, the doctor presented tones to Ann through earphones. The tones started at a low intensity and then became louder. The doctor asked Ann to raise her hand whenever she started to hear a sound. The doctor was testing Ann's ________.

a) auditory convergence b) absolute threshold c) refractory threshold d) difference threshold

In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to __________

a) heuristics. b) algorithms. c) mnemonic devices. d) cognitive shortcuts.