Michael understands that even though the ice-cream cone is turned upside down or placed on its side in a cup, it is still an ice-cream cone. Michael appears to grasp the concept of __________

In terms of validity, which quality of a study gives us the greatest confidence that the results discovered were due strictly to the relationship between the independent and dependent variables?

a. external b. construct c. predictive d. internal

Francisco does well in school, and in particular, he enjoys math and science classes. Intellectual skills such as memory, problem solving, and logic that are practiced in classes such as these are part of _______________ development

A) socioemotional B) cultural C) physical D) cognitive