The tendency to complete figures that are incomplete is known as ___________

A third-grader calls out an answer in class, without raising his hand. The teacher says, "Is your arm broken, Johnny?" The teacher's remark can be called a(n)

a. direct request. b. indirect request. c. failure to establish common ground. d. pragmatic violation.

Why is it important to make sure that different participant

groups are roughly equivalent in terms of personal characteristics (e.g., age, gender) before any independent variable is introduced? A) Because it is important to treat all research participants equally so that they feel that they are not being manipulated. B) Because research ethics forbid any experiment to take place when the participant groups are fundamentally different from each other. C) So that no major differences between the groups unduly bias the results of the experiment. D) Because it threatens the integrity of a within-group experimental design.