________ are a form of regional integration where member countries lower internal trade barriers but maintain existing barriers against nonmembers

According to the political business cycle theory, if the Fed wanted to see a President re-elected, prior to the election it might

a. lower the discount rate and sell bonds. b. lower the discount rate and buy bonds. c. raise the discount rate and sell bonds. d. raise the discount rate and buy bonds.

When the Fed sells securities through open market operations, the equation of exchange (under monetarist assumptions about V being stable) requires that either aggregate spending

A. Or prices increase, or both. B. Or prices decrease, or both. C. Decreases or prices increase, or both. D. Increases or prices decrease, or both.