Which of the following does NOT result from destructive messages?

The understanding stage in the listening process involves

A) decoding a message exactly the same way as it was encoded by the speaker. B) grasping both the thoughts that were expressed and the emotional tone that accompanies them. C) anticipating what the speaker will say next. D) tuning out the emotional element of the message and focusing only on the content of what is being said.

Unlike the messages we use in everyday conversations, the messages we use in public speaking

a. are researched and organized. b. vary the language based on the listener. c. have a specific purpose. d. are meant to inform or persuade.