When Madison fashioned independent executive and judicial branches that could contain efforts by the states to subvert national policy, he was establishing which of the following?

Which of the following is NOT identified by Williams as a characteristic of state weakness?

a. ineffective rules b. a weak economy c. weak border controls d. low levels of state legitimacy e. the lack of a fair and efficient criminal justice system

In which U.S. Supreme Court case did the Court declare that “in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place because separate educational facilities are inherently unequal”?

a. Dred Scott v. Sandford b. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas c. Plessy v. Ferguson d. McCulloch v. Maryland