When a patient's shoulders are rolled forward for a PA chest, the patient inadvertently leans forward placing the mid-coronal plane at an angle with the board. The angle created by this action minimizes the need for a cephalic angle on the PA projection. What is the approximate degree of the angle created?

Identify the hallmark symptom of bronchiectasis

a. Evidence of cystic spaces and tram tracks on the chest radiograph b. Hemoptysis c. Large amounts of purulent sputum d. Variable dyspnea

Among smokers with IPF, normal spirometry and lung volumes with reduced DLCO suggest the presence of coexisting:

a. emphysema. b. asthma. c. chronic bronchitis. d. lung carcinoma.