If a developmental researcher is studying what the earliest memories that can be recalled from infancy are, or what the intellectual consequences of watching television are, in what developmental area is the researcher interested?

According to the information in the article Yoking Smokingabout operant conditioning, which of the

following is a negative reinforcement? (a) slamming a door on your hand (b) spraying a cat for jumping on the kitchen table (c) canceling the final exam if you have an A (d) making a disobedient child take a "time out"

During toddlerhood, what is a good predictor of later verbal intelligence?

a. quantitative intelligence b. number of words spoken c. production d. comprehension