The mangers of Healthy Snacks and Healthy Bars are engaged in a strategic interaction in which their interests are aligned, but there is more than one possible equilibrium. All of the following can help the managers determine the equilibrium outcome except which one?

For each of the following scenarios, state the effect on the debt-to-GDP ratio:

a. The growth rate of the labor force increases. b. The primary deficit increases. c. Total factor productivity decreases. d. Seigniorage decreases. e. The nominal interest rate is constant and the growth rate of the money supply increases. f. The nominal interest rate is not constant and the growth rate of the money supply increases.

The European Union (EU) comprises a group of European nations that have:

A. abolished tariffs among one another and established a system of common tariffs with respect to nonmember nations. B. fully integrated their economies by establishing a central bank, a common currency, and a coordinated set of governmental budgetary policies. C. agreed to trade only among one another. D. eliminated all tariffs and trade barriers with nonmember nations.