What is the after-tax cost of preferred stock if its price is $25 per share and it pays a $1 per share dividend? Assume the firm's marginal tax rate is 25% and there are no flotation costs

Which of the following best describes the degree to which experimental results are actually caused by the experimental manipulation?

A) internal validity B) flexibility C) response rate D) external validity

________ make their money by collecting data and designing research products that fit the information needs of more than one organization

A) Data processing services B) Syndicated services C) Field services D) Qualitative research services E) Pooling services