In the language of operant conditioning contingencies, the word "negative" refers to:

Scaffolding refers to:

A) showing children how to achieve a task by having them model the teacher. B) helping a child, but then taking away the help once the task can be done alone. C) putting children of the same ability in groups so that they work together. D) allowing children to explore and experiment on their own to complete a task.

When 4-year-old Allison is allowed to decide what to wear from several choices her mother presents to her, she is likely to develop

a) initiative. b) autonomy. c) self-concept. d) individualistic orientation.