__________ refers to the forces, positive or negative, that act to keep an individual in a relationship or group

According to the research on the indirect-access route in reading,

a. readers cannot translate visual stimuli into sounds unless they have the benefit of context. b. children who can identify sounds in a word are likely to earn high scores on standardized reading tests. c. training in semantic skills is just as likely as training in phoneme skills to improve children's ability to identify words. d. in general, children's reading skills are somewhat poorer if they have been trained in phonics skills.

What is the typical IQ range of a person with Down syndrome?

A. 30-40 B. 40-55 C. 50-60 D. 60-75