________ is financed through a payroll tax.

One criticism of the corporate income tax is that

A) it is too regressive. B) it is too flat. C) it is so complex to administer that corporate income taxes are rarely collected by the Internal Revenue Service. D) a portion of the corporations' tax burden is passed on to consumers via higher prices for goods and services and to workers via lower wages.

Suppose that X and Y are substitute goods. If the price of good X increases, we can expect

a. the demand for good X to shift to the left b. an upward movement along the demand curve for good Y c. the demand curve for good Y to shift to the right d. a downward movement along the demand curve for good Y e. the demand curve for good Y to shift to the left