What percentage of smokers start before the age of 18?

Which of the following are necessary for spinal reflexes (MARK ALL THAT ARE CORRECT)

a. intact primary motor cortex b. lower (alpha) motor neurons c. a sensory neuron like the muscle spindle d. muscarinic recpetors

Researchers conducted a study with Spanish-speaking kindergarteners. They were interested in learning whether young children would benefit from explicit test-taking training

The researchers randomly assigned students and taught half of the kindergarteners' test-taking strategies, while the other half of the kindergarteners drew pictures. They found that those who had received training in test taking received higher scores on a school readiness test compared to the children who had received no training. Thus, the researchers manipulated test-taking training, or the ___________ variable, and saw the results of their manipulation in the ___________ variable. a. dependent; independent c. reliable; unreliable b. independent; dependent d. unreliable; reliable