According to Vygotsky, cognitive development results, at least in part, from
A) biological maturation.
B) scaffolding.
C) genetics.
D) innate intelligence.
Answer: B
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Imagine that you are volunteering in a child-care center, and you are currently taking care of infants who are less than one year of age. Which of the following language skills would you expect to be the first one to develop?
a. The infants can recognize the sound of their own name. b. The infants look longer at their mother when hearing the word "Mommy"; they look longer at their father when hearing the word "Daddy." c. The infants have developed some sophisticated concepts, for example, realizing that an unfamiliar animal is likely to drink water. d. The infants appreciate that an angry voice goes with an angry facial expression.
Top-down processing in speech perception is demonstrated by the
a. effect of context on our perception of words and word meaning. b. ability to understand words out of context. c. inflection of the vocal cords. d. principles of combining words to form phrases. e. discrimination of phonemes.