Describe the Routing Information Protocol version 2.
What will be an ideal response?
RIPv2 is not a totally new protocol. In reality, it is a set of extensions to RIPv1. As such, it is still a distance-vector routing protocol that uses the normal measures of hold-down timers and split horizon to prevent routing loops. It also suffers from RIPv1's major drawback, in that it only supports a maximum of 15 hops. The major change is RIPv2's ability to carry subnet mask information and a difference in the way it sends out routing table updates. Unlike RIPv1, which broadcasts routing table updates every 30 seconds, RIPv2 multicasts its updates using the multicast address of 224.0.0.9. This feature saves bandwidth on the network, as devices not running RIPv2 do not have to process unnecessary broadcast traffic. Additionally, RIPv2 provides a way to authenticate routing peers to provide enhanced security to a network.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cloud computing?
A. Grid and utility computing B. Pooling computing resources C. Server centralization on the internet D. Utilizing broad network access
A scheme for implementing at-most-once reliable message delivery uses synchronized clocks to reject duplicate messages. Processes place their local clock value (a ‘timestamp’) in the messages they send. Each receiver keeps a table giving, for each sending process, the largest message timestamp it has seen. Assume that clocks are synchronized to within 100 ms, and that messages can arrive at most 50 ms after transmission.
a) When may a process ignore a message bearing a timestamp T, if it has recorded the last message received from that process as having timestamp T ? b) When may a receiver remove a timestamp 175,000 (ms) from its table? (Hint: use the receiver’s local clock value.) c) Should the clocks be internally synchronized or externally synchronized?