Discuss what balanced placebo and longitudinal designs can tell us about the possible role of expectations as factors in both alcohol and drug effects and in the onset of alcohol and drug problems
Answer:
Using the balanced placebo design, researchers have shown that subjects' expectations about how a drug will affect their behavior can account for many of the effects that are usually attributed to the drug itself. For example, subjects who believed they had ingested alcohol but who had actually consumed only tonic water displayed exaggerated aggression and reported enhanced feelings of sexual arousal. Expectations may constitute one of the primary reasons for continued and increasingly heavy consumption of alcoholic beverages. Longitudinal studies have found that adolescents who initially have the most positive expectations about the effects of alcohol go on to consume greater amounts of alcoholic beverages.
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Hal frequently coerces women into having intercourse. Assuming that he shares typical characteristics with other men who force women to have sex, Hal likely ____
a. came from a home in which his mother was more dominant than his father b. actively creates situations in which sexual encounters may occur c. attributes his failed attempts at sexual encounters to perceived negative features of himself d. tries to entice women into sexual encounters by talking about how great he is
Researchers in one study found that residents in an old age home were more active and healthier when they were given additional control over the events in their daily lives. This finding is consistent with theory and research on
A. self efficacy. B. locus of control. C. behavior therapy. D. learned helplessness.