Studies by Siegler and Stern (1998) and Goldin-Meadow and colleagues (e.g., Alibali & Goldin-Meadow, 1993) suggest that new strategies may not be ___ when they are first discovered

Some people say that punishment is cruel and should never be used. In the text, a

vivid example of a beneficial and effective use of punishment involved (a) painful electric shock to a 9 month old boy to get him to stop throwing up (b) imprisonment and shock probation as a deterrent to crimes of passion (c) a wife getting her husband to be more attentive by withholding affection (d) a father teaching his son not to fall off his bike by well-timed, moderate punishments

As Michael walks by two girls, one glances at him, then returns to her conversation. He is sure she is making a negative comment about him. Elkind would see this as an example of

A) introspection. B) the imaginary audience. C) impression formation. D) a personal fable.